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Cancer is caused by a collection of abnormalities in DNA that eventually cause division to go uncontrolled. Early detection of a disease that may be treated immediately can be crucial in reducing the risk of cancer. Non-coding RNAs, which are approximately 200 nucleotides in length and do not code for proteins, are emerging as useful biomarkers in the field of cancer detection and treatment. Some of this RNA's roles include interfering with cytoplasmic RNA stability; influencing epigenetic alterations; facilitating transcription via remodeling complexes; splicing hnRNA; interacting with specific transcription factors; binding to mRNAs; and degrading them. Gene expression is influenced by long non-coding RNAs via cis and trans promoter regions. They can act as a guide, scaffold, or intermediary molecule for protein-protein or protein-RNA interactions. Additionally, LncRNAs have been shown to modify gene expression through influencing chromatin structure. The third most common cancer in both men and women is found in the large intestine. The availability of multiple types of colonoscopies has led to the earlier and more frequent detection of colon cancer in its advanced stages. There is evidence that lncRNA expression or dysfunction is associated with cancer development and progression. These non-coding transcripts are known to inhibit cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, all of which are hallmarks of malignancy. LncRNAs therapy in cancer patients opens the door to non-invasively assessing gene expression. Because of this, these transcripts can serve as biomarkers in the detection of cancer.

Cervical cancer is the most common cancer in women. A vast majority of cervical cancer iscaused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). Nowadays, due to the fact that chemical drugs may link to serious side effects using of medicinal plants is considered an effective approach in the direction of making adjuvant drugs for the treatment of various types of cancers such as cancer of cervix. The genus Helichrysum is a member of the Asteraceae family. Helichrysum oocephalum which is also known as Immortal Flower, is native to Iran and grows in limited areas of northeastern parts of the country. Various specious of Helichrysum have been identified that possess the ability to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells by effecting of different molecular pathways, lead to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction in cancer cells. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death that induces cells to commit suicide and causes morphological changes. The main component of apoptosis is a protein lysing system called caspase. Caspases are a group of enzymes called cysteine proteases. Apoptosis in nucleated cells occurs through two pathways: 1-Death receptor-dependent pathway (external) 2-mitochondrial pathway (internal). In this study, we investigated the effect of H. oocephalum hydroalcoholic extract on the expression of BCL2, BAX, Caspase3, and Caspase8 genes through the induction of apoptosis in a cervical cancer cell line (Hela). Our findings demonstrated that hydro-alcoholic extract of H. oocephalum caused toxicity in Hela cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner and induced apoptosis on Hela cells via the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways.

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